Preventing chronic prostatitis

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In addition, we tried to obtain details of registered but not yet published trials. We selected and reported the most recent and updated evidence with GAGs replenishment for different pathologi - cal conditions involving the lower urinary tract. The aim of our paper was to provide the reader with the latest information about the clinical use of GAG therapy starting from the pathophysio - logical principles.

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Autoimmune diseases, chronic bacterial infections, chemicals, anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin BCG exposure, and radiation exposure can all result in urothelial GAG loss. This infiltra - tion through the GAG barrier defect can cause subepithelial layer inflammation and delay or pre - vent the healing of the damaged bladder urothelial cells as well as the GAGs [Hurst et al.

Preventing chronic prostatitis net result is the activation of a subset of unmyeli - nated C-fibres in the suburothelium [Maggi and Meli, ]. They are peptide-containing fibres substance P, neurokinins A and B, calcitonine gene related peptide and bradykinin and they result selectively sensitive to capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of red chilli [Maggi and Meli, ].

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The afferent function, mediated by the release of neuropeptides from their central end - ings, is involved preventing chronic prostatitis the regulation of micturition reflex, pain sensation and activation of visceral reflex. The efferent function, due to the release of substance P, calcitonin gene related peptide and tachykinins from peripheral endings, regulates the smooth muscle contraction, immunocell migra - tion, mast preventing chronic prostatitis degranulation and neurogenic inflammation.

They are actively involved in the cotransmission phenomenon axons release more than one transmitter for each action potentialin neuromodulation locally released agents may modulate the preventing chronic prostatitis of neurotransmitters released prejunctionally and in nervous system plasticity during development, aging, chronic inflammation and spinal cord injury neuroplasticity [Lazzeri, ].

Evidence supports their role in bladder chronic inflammation [Sculptoreanu et al. The activation of sensory fibres due to the defect of GAGs, which would allow the back flow of irri - tants in the submucosa, is involved in the increase of frequency in chronically inflamed bladders.

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Preventing chronic prostatitis, which is a selective preventing chronic prostatitis antago - nist, decreased the frequency of reflex contractions in cyclophosphamide inflamed rat urinary blad - ders [Dinis et al. When the GAG defect persists or its healing pro - cess fails, chronic stimulation of suburothelial tis - sues may result in visceral hypersensitivity of bladder C-fibres nociceptors [Doyle et al.

Clinically, the neuronal hypersensitivity, the exaggerated perception to normal stimuli, leads to allodynia, the perception of nociceptive stimu - lation which occurs for stimuli that would usually evoke an innocuous sensation i. Under these conditions, the cen - tral nervous system receives an increased afferent barrage from peripheral bladder nervous endings. This barrage, in turn, triggers central mechanisms that amplify and sustain the effect of the sensory nerve peripheral input, leading to molecular changes in the peripheral organs and in the cen - tral nervous system [Doyle et al.

It has been observed that changes in density of neuro - peptides in sensory nerves develop over preventing chronic prostatitis period of 5—7 days and that they are preceded by changes in level of activation of transcription factors.

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M Preventing chronic prostatitis, R Hurle et al. The nuclear factor κ B NF- κ Bknown to exist in an inducible form in a wide range of eukaryotic cells, is activated by inflammatory mediators and has been thought to be responsible for hypersensibil - ity. The direct consequence of all these changes is an increase of neuropeptide synthesis and their release at the level of synapses.

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Clinically the increase of release of neuropeptides at the level of bladder will produce chronic pain, an increase of frequency, nocturia and urgency, and sustain a neurogenic inflammation, while at the level of central nervous system it will lead to selective expression of genes i.

A nerve sprouting will be observed in the grey matter of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord with an increase in craniocaudal and latero-lateral syn - apses resulting in hypersensibility [Carter et al. According to these theories, preventing chronic prostatitis early repair of the GAG layer by exogenous hyaluronic acid HA and chondroitin sulfate CSboth mucopolysaccharides which act by different mechanisms of action, inhibition of adherence of immune complexes to polymorphonuclear cells, inhibition of leukocyte migration and aggrega - tion, regulation of fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation, and enhancement of connective tis - sue healing [Iavazzo et al.

This condition is not, how - ever, restricted to women, and it is estimated that the preventing chronic prostatitis incidence of UTIs in males aged 17— 79 years in the US is preventing chronic prostatitis.

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The symptoms of UTIs, particularly when recurrent, impact on quality of life and productivity, affect - ing physical and emotional functioning, vitality, sexual and social functioning, and general health perceptions [Foxman, ]. Eradication of the infection has been the aim of current management strategies. Continuous or patient-initiated antimicrobial therapy is the cur - rent standard management practice for the treat - ment of acute UTIs and the prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs [European Association of Urology, ].

Agents include trimethoprim with or without sulfamethoxide, nitrofurantoin, cefaclor, cephalexin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and fosfomycin. The disadvantages of this choice of treatment include the adverse effects associ - ated with the antimicrobial agents and the increas - ing drug resistance [Sorlozano et al. Despite our broad array of very successful antimi - crobial agents, UTIs remain a complex clinical condition.

These may present different severities, be acute or chronic, symptomatic or asympto - preventing chronic prostatitis, be community or nosocomial acquired, and be sporadic or recurrent.

The relationship between the host and uropathogens is pivotal in the initiation, development, maintenance and recurrence of UTIs, and an preventing chronic prostatitis of this interaction is therefore important in the preven - tion of the chronic or recurrent UTIs.

On the preventing chronic prostatitis side, the virulence of the interaction between the uropathogen and host is determined by one or more factors, including adhesins, siderophore systems, biofilms, toxins, autotrans - porters, lipopolysaccharides, capsules, flagella or fimbria, metabolic traits, urease and pathog - enomics. In addition, urothelial GAGs also play an important role in fending off infection, by virtue of them forming a physical barrier.

This class of polysaccharides has hydrorepellant prop - erties, making the inner bladder wall impervious to urine contents.

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There is a range of commercially available intra - vesical formulations of these components, alone or in combination. There are formulations con - taining a low concentration of HA 0. Ther Adv UrolVol.

Infections

Acute and chronic cystitis due to bacteria, chemical or physical irritants which cause mucosal inflamma - tion remain highly distressing conditions that urologists, gynaecologists and other caregivers find difficult to manage [Lazzeri and Montorsi, ]. Owing to different and often uncertain causes and aetiology, as in the case of painful blad - der syndrome PBS or interstitial cystitis ICa clinical condition characterized by complaint of suprapubic pain related to bladder filling, accom - panied by other symptoms such as increased day - time and night-time frequency, most of the strategies used to alleviate symptoms have had disappointing results in the absence of proven urinary infection or other pathologies [Hanno et al.

Preliminary experiences with GAG replenishment for different pathological conditions involving the lower urinary tract have been reported.

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There is a range of commercially available intravesical formulations of these components, alone or in combination. Literature evidence shows that exogenous intravesical hyaluronic acid markedly reduces recurrences of urinary tract infections UTIs. Patients treated with exogenous GAGs have fewer UTI recurrences, a longer time to recurrence and a greater improvement in quality of life. The safety profile of exogenous GAGs has been reported to be very favourable, without adverse events of particular significance.

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Cervigni and colleagues seemed to confirm such results. The same group confirmed such results in [Cervigni et al. At baseline, mean pain VAS scores of At the end-of-treatment visit, the response to treatment in terms of pain decrease from baseline was statistically significant in both groups, with a VAS score reduction of The results from voiding diaries and the questionnaire scores were consist - ent with pain reduction.

A case of strangury and a case of sovrapubic pain, both treatment-related, led to withdrawal of two patients, one per group.

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Chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced cystitis Cystitis can be induced by both radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and can be either acute or chronic [Payne et al. The condition often results in storage type lower urinary tract symptoms and haematuria.

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It is generally thought that damage to the GAG layer coating the urothelium is the ini - tial trigger for the development of cystitis.

Shao and colleagues randomized 36 patients undergoing radiotherapy for gynaecological malignancies to receive either HA or hyperbaric oxygen therapy HBOT [Shao et al. They found preventing chronic prostatitis significant differences between the two groups in terms of haematuria, voiding frequency or VAS pain at 6, 12 and 18 months after treat - ment, except for a decreased frequency of voiding at 12 months in the HA group.

A total of 32 patients were enrolled. The authors found interesting results. Starting from a mean baseline of Voiding frequency also significantly decreased from However, the fact that the Sommariva study is not a RCT and does not include a control group limits clear conclusions.

Other factors, such as a more intense schedule treatment, a prevalence of male population, different types of tumour than those investigated in previous available studies, require further investigations to better define the feasibility of a tailored-made therapy. Giannessi and colleagues investigated a group of patients with cystitis and nocturia related to post 7.

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Significant improvements were observed throughout the week study period. Finally Topazio and colleagues investigated if sequential administration of HA could reduce the side effects related to BCG [Topazio et al.

These different clinical entities, which in the past were considered preventing chronic prostatitis diseases, can now be viewed as diseases caused as a result of the dysfunction of a common physiological ele - ment, the urothelium and associated GAG lining.

This renewed approach to looking at the patho - physiology of these GAG disorders will allow the development of more effective treatments for these debilitating and sometimes chronic diseases.

Importantly, the safety profile of this combination has been reported to be very favourable, without adverse events of particu - lar significance. Preventing chronic prostatitis emerging oral formulations could be a noninvasive and complementary approach, although no evidence yet exists. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not- for-profit sectors.

Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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References Adile, B. Bassi, P. Eur Urol — Carter, B. Science — Cervigni, M. Int Urogynecol J — Eur Urol e Cicione, A. Constantinides, C. BJU Int — Costantini, E. Eur Urol 78— Li Marzi, V. Lipovac, M. Int J Gynaecol Obstet — Maggi, C. Gen Pharmac 1— Morales, A. J Urol 45— Morelli, M. Minerva Ginecol — Nickel, J.

Urology — Parsons, C. Urology 69 Suppl. Payne, H. Porru, D. Rev Recent Clin Trials 3: — Sculptoreanu, A. Exp Neurol — Serretta, V.

Eur Urol Suppl e Shao, Y. Sommariva, M. Eur J Inflammation — Sorlozano, A. Am J Infect Control — Steinhoff, G. Preventing chronic prostatitis J Urol 9: — Topazio, L. Results of a pilot study.

preventing chronic prostatitis prostatitis és fejlődése

BMC Urol Torella, M. J Infect Chemother — Yoon, H. Urol Int 81— Creta, M. Damiano, R. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections by intravesical administration of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. De Vita, Preventing chronic prostatitis. Dinis, P. J Neurosci — Doyle, C. In: Borsook, D. Engelhardt, P. European Association of Urology EAU guidelines: the best current evidence for clinical practice.

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Foxman, B. Am J Med Suppl. Gacci, M. Giannessi, C. Eur Urol 13 Suppl. Giberti, C. Ther Adv Urol 5: — Guay, D.

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